Pediatric and Congenital Heart - Cedar
Heart Attack Vs. Cardiac Arrest: What's The Difference?
Sometimes heavy alcohol use or drug use can trigger cardiac arrest. So can severe stress, a blow to the chest (this is what recently happened to NFL player Damar Hamlin) and respiratory arrest, or when a person stops breathing.
Are there warning signs and symptoms of cardiac arrest? Unlike many other health issues, there aren't usually any signs or symptoms to warn an individual that cardiac arrest is imminent, though some people may experience chest pain, nausea, vomiting or shortness of breath before losing consciousness. "People may get no warning whatsoever," Katz says.
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Starting CPR — which helps keep blood flow active until emergency responders arrive — "really is the difference between somebody having a good outcome versus a tragic outcome," he says. About 350,000 people die from cardiac arrest every year in the U.S., and less than half of people who experience cardiac arrest outside the hospital receive the right care from bystanders.
The American Heart Association says anyone can perform CPR with hands-only chest compressions (no need for mouth-to-mouth unless you're trained and feel comfortable doing it). Push hard and fast in the center of the chest to the beat of "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees or another song that is equivalent to about 100 to 120 beats per minute. And if an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, use it. These portable devices that can often be found in public places such as airports and malls can stimulate the heart to resume beating.
Heart Attack vs. Cardiac Arrest
A quick way to remember the difference:
Cardiac arrest is an "electrical" problem
Heart attack is a "circulation" problem
Source: American Heart Association
Smith considers herself fortunate that her cardiac arrest — which her doctor says was possibly caused by a ventricular fibrillation, or an irregular heartbeat, and may have been brought on by stress — occurred inside a hospital. She now has a small device known as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in her chest to detect and correct any irregular heartbeats that could cause this to happen again.
Heart attackWhat is a heart attack? Unlike with cardiac arrest, the heart is still pumping when a person has a heart attack; it's just that the heart is under stress, says Mistyann-Blue Miller, M.D., a cardiologist with Cleveland Clinic in Vero Beach, Florida. And that's because blood flow to the heart is being blocked. If this blood flow is not restored quickly, the oxygen-starved heart muscle will start to die.
What causes a heart attack? Most heart attacks are caused by coronary artery disease, according to the NHLBI, or plaque buildup along the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Cholesterol and other fatty substances can lead to this buildup.
A number of modifiable factors can increase your risk for coronary artery disease, including physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, smoking and being overweight, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Other risk factors include a family history of heart disease.
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called "hardening" or "clogging" of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function.
Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur.
It is most commonly equated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, but coronary disease can be due to other causes, such as coronary vasospasm. It is possible for the stenosis to be caused by spasm.
Prevention Of Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States for males and females. Making changes to diet, lifestyle, and physical activity levels can improve heart health and may help to prevent CAD.
CAD, also known as coronary heart disease, is when the arteries narrow due to a buildup of plaque. While it is a serious condition, it is also preventable.
A person can help prevent CAD by addressing factors that increase their risk, as well as adopting habits that can protect against it.
Multiple factors can put someone more at risk of developing CAD. Many of these factors may be within a person's control, such as:
As a result, the things that may help prevent CAD include:
Some risk factors for CAD are not within a person's control. These include:
While someone cannot change these, addressing other factors can still lower the risk of CAD.
While not relevant to everyone, smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in the United States.
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), around 20% of annual deaths from CVD are due to smoking. Passive or secondhand smoke can also raise this risk.
Smoking tobacco harms the heart and blood vessels. When someone inhales tobacco smoke, they breathe in chemicals that can cause plaque buildup in the arteries, known as atherosclerosis.
To reduce the risk of CAD, people should avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. If relevant, they can also stop smoking themselves.
For support, people can talk with a healthcare professional or smoking cessation service about ways to quit. Options such as behavioral programs, nicotine replacement therapy, and medications may help.
A diet high in refined sugar, trans fats, sweetened beverages, and red or processed meats has associations with CAD. Saturated fat is also connected to CAD, although its significance is less clear.
Eating a heart-healthy diet can lower the risk of heart disease. It can also help address other underlying conditions that contribute to CAD, such as diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol.
Diet recommendations generally involve limiting sugar, trans fats, saturated fats, and salt. There are also a few specific food plans that aim to preserve heart health.
For example, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet focuses on:
The Mediterranean diet is a similar eating plan that can also benefit heart health. It prioritizes eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and fish.
Regular physical activity is important for heart health. Exercise can help address high cholesterol, blood pressure, or blood sugar levels and aid in weight management.
In people with CAD, exercise can also reduce the rate of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and stroke.
The CDC recommends getting 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity each week. Examples of moderate-intensity activities include brisk walking, cycling, and swimming.
However, a 2018 review of previous research suggests that overall cardiovascular fitness as a result of vigorous activity may be more important than the duration of the exercise.
One of the major causes of CAD is underlying conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, such as:
Following the prevention steps in this article for reducing CAD risk can also reduce the likelihood of these conditions, too. However, these conditions can affect anyone. Also, some, such as high blood pressure, may not cause any noticeable symptoms.
For this reason, it is important to have regular health check-ups with a doctor. People can discuss with a doctor whether at-home blood pressure or sugar monitors could help with monitoring their health.
If someone has an underlying condition that puts them at risk for CAD, they should consult a doctor about the best treatment options for them.
While CAD is serious, it is often preventable. A person can help prevent CAD by addressing the risk factors they may be able to change, such as smoking, an imbalanced diet, and a lack of exercise.
Even among people who do not smoke, it is important to avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. Reducing alcohol consumption, stress, and salt intake may also help.
Monitoring and managing conditions that raise the risk of CAD, such as high blood pressure, is a key part of CAD prevention. People who have concerns about their cardiovascular health can speak with a doctor for advice and treatment options.
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